By Bruce Garrard
These days it is
a common assumption that the ‘improvement’ of land is of itself a good thing;
however, we should bear in mind that “the majority of commoners were opposed to
draining, or to any alteration of the commons that did not benefit them; and,
what is more, because of their large numbers they could make their wishes
felt.”
Where the
commoners were freeholders and relatively prosperous farmers, their opposition
could be played out in the courts. Attempts to drain King’s Sedgemoor, for
instance, continued from 1618 until well into the 1650s, when Sir Cornelius
Vermuyden – the only Dutch drainage engineer who ever took a serious interest
in the Somerset Levels – withdrew from the proposed project in frustration
after endless litigation and delays, and continuing opposition from ‘the good
opinion of the country.’
Where the
commoners had fewer resources, and their ‘good opinion’ was less likely to be
paid heed to, it was also true that their rights of commonage were all the more
crucial to their survival. These included summer grazing for cattle and pigs;
cutting of wood for firing, fencing and building; and peat cutting. Access to
such resources could make the difference between life being tolerable and life
being close to impossible. It was these common rights that were threatened by
the enclosure and draining of the moors, and a particular case in point was
Alder (or ‘Oller’) Moor, on either side of the River Brue just south of
Glastonbury. It took its name from its particularly valued Alder groves.
Like much of the
remaining Somerset wetlands, Alder Moor belonged to the Crown, having been part
of the abbey’s estates until 1539. James I became king of England as well as
Scotland in 1603, and “upon assuming power south of the border, the new King
of England was genuinely affronted by the constraints the English Parliament
attempted to place on him in exchange for money. In spite of this, James’
personal extravagance meant he was perennially short of money and had to resort
to extra-Parliamentary sources of income.”
The financial
difficulties of the Stuarts meant that on the one hand they were keen for land
such as they owned on the Somerset Levels to be drained and sold, and on the
other that they could not afford to invest in the reclamation themselves. The
result was that the work would be made the responsibility of an agent, and that
the only way the agent could take his percentage as payment was by taking
possession of a portion of the land. This meant, in approximate round figures,
that the best third of the land would provide an extensive and desirable farm
that was a saleable asset belonging to the king; the second third would provide
the agent with a worthwhile property for himself; and the last third,
supposedly drained and improved, would be what was left available to the
commoners.
James‘ son
Charles I succeeded to the throne in 1625, and in the 1630s attention was paid
to enclosing and draining Alder Moor. Instead of being “worth to the owners as
much as nothinge,” it would now be “even the richest, worthiest and most
notable feeding in all these parts.” However, it had also been described as
“very large, capacious, fruitful marshes”. Far from being ‘as nothinge,’ its value to the commoners was huge; when the commissioners
came to Glastonbury to order the digging of ditches, they were besieged in the
house where they met by people saying that they “should be undone if the said
moor was enclosed.” One of their number was charged with sedition as an example
to the rest.
The scheme was
going ahead against the will of the majority of local people, but the on-going
difficulties with enclosing King’s Sedgemoor had hardened the attitude of the
Crown and its agents. Furthermore the chief of the commissioners, Sir Robert
Phelips, had been out of royal favour, and King Charles had made it clear to
him in a personal letter that this would be rectified so long as “you will
rather use your best endeavours and care for the preservation and increase of
our ancient rent, and inheritance, than for the favour of the multitude.”
The enclosure
and division of the moor thus went ahead. The ‘best and commodious part’ was
retained by the Crown, and later sold for £1,000. The rest was distributed
proportionally amongst the tenants from Glastonbury, Street and Butleigh,
though tenants from Edgarley were entirely excluded. The drier parts of these
allocations were then taken by the agents, whilst the remainder, the most
frequently flooded areas, were returned to the commoners. The land taken by the
agents was said to be wprth 20 shillings per acre whilst that allocated tpo the
commioners was valued at only 12 pence; the access droves severed by the new
rhynes. The alder groves, subjected to indiscriminate felling, had been ruined.
This moorland
had formerly been ‘a great reliefe to the poor’; now, however, poverty was
noticeably increased and many houses in Glastonbury, for instance, were soon in
a state of decay. James Lovington, the gentleman farmer who had purchased the
land from the Crown, did undertake to recompense Edgarley for its loss of commonage
with one hundred acres. This land was never entrusted to the people of Edgarley
however, for “the agents who handled the transfer then appear to have
expropriated the ground.” Frustration and anger finally reached boiling point.
“The commoners broke down the walls and fences, filled in the rhynes and
stopped the flow of water, so that most of the moor … reverted to its original
state.” Normal legal processes in relation to such relatively minor matters were
then suspended since the civil war broke out, in 1642, and continued until
1651; so that “for the next nine years at least, the commoners of the four
parishes pastured their cattle as of old, without hindrance.”
